Depression treatment plans often become overly generic at precisely the point where clinical formulation should become more specific.

"Reduce depressive symptoms."

"Improve mood."

"Increase coping skills."

"Improve functioning."

These statements are not wrong. The problem is that they describe desired outcomes without adequately specifying the clinical pathway toward those outcomes. They tell the clinician where the patient should end up, but not necessarily what needs to change, how progress will be recognized, or what therapeutic work is expected to produce that change.

For experienced clinicians, treatment planning is more useful when goals are connected directly to the patient's maintaining mechanisms. A patient whose depression is sustained primarily by behavioral withdrawal requires a different set of objectives from a patient whose presentation is dominated by entrenched self-criticism, interpersonal loss, unresolved grief, or chronic shame.

A strong depression treatment plan therefore moves through several levels:

Presenting problem → clinical formulation → treatment goal → measurable objective → intervention → outcome monitoring

This distinction matters for both clinical decision-making and documentation. Contemporary measurement-based care emphasizes the routine use of patient-generated data to assess symptoms and functioning, discuss progress collaboratively, and determine whether the treatment plan needs to change. The APA's 2025 professional practice guidelines specifically recommend incorporating measurement data into clinical impressions, case conceptualization, and treatment planning.

The goal is not to turn psychotherapy into a spreadsheet. It is to make the treatment plan clinically intelligible.

What Makes a Good Depression Treatment Goal?

A useful treatment goal should describe a meaningful change in the patient's functioning, symptoms, behavior, cognition, relationships, or capacity for emotional regulation.

For example:

Goal: Reduce depressive symptoms and restore functioning.

This is acceptable as a broad treatment goal, but it is too nonspecific to guide treatment by itself.

A more clinically useful formulation might be:

Goal: Reduce the patient's depressive symptoms and restore engagement in occupational, social, and self-care activities that have deteriorated during the current depressive episode.

The objectives can then specify how this will be measured:

Objective: Patient will increase participation in previously avoided activities from one to at least three meaningful activities per week over the next eight weeks, while monitoring mood and activity patterns.

Now the treatment team has something observable to evaluate.

The APA's guidance on treatment guidelines similarly emphasizes that treatment goals should identify intended outcomes and include clinically meaningful indicators such as functioning, quality of life, symptom change, and patient-defined outcomes.

1. Start With the Depressive Syndrome, Not the Treatment Modality

Before writing goals, identify what the depression is actually doing to the patient.

Two patients can both meet criteria for major depressive disorder while presenting with substantially different treatment targets.

One may have:

• marked anhedonia;

• behavioral withdrawal;

• disrupted sleep;

• impaired occupational functioning;

• low energy.

Another may present with:

• pervasive guilt;

• pathological self-criticism;

• interpersonal sensitivity;

• rumination;

• hopelessness;

• recurrent thoughts of death.

A third may have relatively modest symptom severity but substantial impairment following a relationship loss, with depression organized around rejection, shame, and interpersonal patterns.

The treatment plan should reflect those differences.

The APA depression guideline identifies multiple evidence-based psychotherapies for adults, including behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy. Importantly, the mechanisms emphasized by these approaches differ, which means the most useful objectives will also differ.

A treatment plan should therefore answer:

What is maintaining this patient's depression?

rather than simply:

What diagnosis does this patient have?

2. Goal: Reduce Depressive Symptom Severity

Symptom reduction is usually an appropriate overarching goal, but it should be operationalized.

Example

Long-term goal:
Reduce the severity and frequency of depressive symptoms and achieve clinically meaningful improvement in overall functioning.

Objectives:

• Patient will monitor depressive symptoms at regular intervals using a validated measure such as the PHQ-9.

• Patient will demonstrate a clinically meaningful reduction from baseline symptom severity.

• Patient will report reduced frequency and intensity of depressed mood, anhedonia, hopelessness, and other identified target symptoms.

• Patient and clinician will review symptom trajectory regularly and modify the treatment plan if improvement plateaus or deterioration occurs.

The PHQ-9 is particularly useful because it can be repeated over time rather than used only during the initial assessment. The APA identifies the PHQ-9 and other validated instruments as appropriate tools for assessing depressive symptoms and monitoring treatment outcomes.

Importantly, a numerical reduction should not become the sole definition of recovery.

A patient can have a substantially improved PHQ-9 while remaining socially isolated, unemployed, unable to resume meaningful activities, or highly vulnerable to relapse.

That is why symptom measures should be paired with functional and patient-defined outcomes.

3. Goal: Restore Behavioral Activation and Reduce Withdrawal

Behavioral withdrawal is one of the most clinically important treatment targets in depression.

As depression intensifies, patients often reduce activities that previously provided reinforcement: exercise, social contact, hobbies, work, household responsibilities, intimacy, or even basic self-care. Reduced activity then decreases opportunities for positive reinforcement, mastery, social connection, and experiences inconsistent with depressive predictions.

The resulting cycle can look like:

Low mood → withdrawal → reduced reinforcement → reduced mastery/connection → worsening mood → further withdrawal

For patients in whom this cycle is prominent, behavioral activation should be reflected directly in the treatment plan.

Example

Goal:
Increase engagement in meaningful and reinforcing activities while reducing behavioral avoidance and withdrawal.

Objectives:

• Patient will identify previously rewarding activities that have decreased during the depressive episode.

• Patient will schedule and complete a progressively increasing number of values-consistent or mastery-based activities each week.

• Patient will monitor mood before and after selected activities to evaluate the relationship between behavior and emotional state.

• Patient will identify avoidance patterns that interfere with occupational, social, or self-care functioning.

• Patient will develop alternative behavioral responses to depressive urges to withdraw.

The APA describes behavioral therapy for depression as focusing on the relationship between behavior and mood, with treatment goals developed collaboratively around re-engagement, avoidance, and functioning.

A useful objective is therefore not:

"Patient will exercise more."

It is:

"Patient will engage in two 20-minute walks per week initially, increasing activity according to tolerance, and will track completion and perceived effects on mood."

The latter gives the clinician something to evaluate and adjust.

4. Goal: Address Anhedonia Without Treating Pleasure as the Only Outcome

Anhedonia is often more complicated than simply "not enjoying things."

Some patients experience reduced anticipatory pleasure but retain some capacity for pleasure during activities. Others experience both anticipatory and consummatory deficits. Some describe emotional numbing rather than sadness.

Treatment objectives should therefore distinguish between:

• anticipation;

• initiation;

• engagement;

• emotional response;

• sense of mastery;

• meaning.

For example:

Goal: Increase the patient's capacity to engage with and derive reinforcement from meaningful activities.

Objective: Patient will identify three previously meaningful activities and progressively reintroduce them while monitoring anticipation, participation, and post-activity experience.

This allows the therapist to distinguish "I don't feel like doing anything" from "nothing is capable of producing pleasure"—two experiences that can require different clinical responses.

5. Goal: Improve Cognitive Patterns That Maintain Depression

For patients whose depression involves prominent negative automatic thoughts, dysfunctional beliefs, rumination, hopelessness, or excessive self-criticism, cognitive objectives may be appropriate.

However, treatment plans should avoid vague language such as:

"Patient will develop positive thinking."

That is neither clinically precise nor particularly compatible with sophisticated cognitive therapy.

Better objectives target specific cognitive processes.

Example

Goal:
Reduce maladaptive cognitive patterns contributing to depressive affect and impaired functioning.

Objectives:

• Patient will identify recurrent automatic thoughts associated with episodes of depressed mood.

• Patient will examine evidence for and against recurrent interpretations of personal failure, rejection, hopelessness, or worthlessness.

• Patient will identify cognitive distortions and deeper assumptions associated with depressive episodes.

• Patient will develop more balanced alternative interpretations without relying on forced positive thinking.

• Patient will practice cognitive restructuring in situations that reliably trigger depressive thinking.

The objective is not to replace:

"I'm a failure."

with:

"I'm amazing."

It may instead involve developing a more accurate appraisal:

"This setback matters, but it does not establish that I am incapable or that my future is determined by it."

That distinction is particularly important when working with entrenched depressive schemas.

6. Goal: Reduce Rumination

Rumination deserves its own treatment target when it is prominent.

A patient may spend hours repeatedly analyzing:

• why a relationship ended;

• what they did wrong;

• why they are different from other people;

• whether their life has meaning;

• why they cannot change;

• what a past mistake says about them.

The content can appear psychologically sophisticated while functioning behaviorally as repetitive, unproductive mental avoidance.

Example

Goal:
Reduce maladaptive rumination and increase flexible engagement with present-focused problem solving.

Objectives:

• Patient will identify common triggers and contexts associated with prolonged rumination.

• Patient will distinguish productive reflection from repetitive, non-resolving rumination.

• Patient will practice interrupting rumination through behavioral, attentional, or cognitive strategies.

• Patient will redirect attention toward concrete problem solving when an actionable problem exists.

• Patient will increase tolerance for uncertainty when no immediate solution is available.

This is often more useful than simply documenting:

"Patient will use coping skills to manage negative thoughts."

7. Goal: Improve Self-Criticism and Shame

Depression frequently involves more than sadness. For some patients, the central experience is an internal relationship characterized by contempt, inadequacy, failure, or defectiveness.

A treatment plan for such a patient may need to target the patient's relationship with the self, rather than simply depressive mood.

Example

Goal:
Reduce pervasive self-criticism and shame contributing to depressive symptoms and interpersonal withdrawal.

Objectives:

• Patient will identify recurrent self-attacking thoughts and the situations that activate them.

• Patient will examine the origins and functions of persistent self-critical beliefs.

• Patient will develop alternative responses to perceived failure or interpersonal disappointment.

• Patient will increase ability to acknowledge limitations without globalizing them into judgments of personal worth.

• Patient will demonstrate increased tolerance for self-compassionate or non-punitive self-appraisal.

For psychodynamic treatment, the same clinical target might be formulated differently:

Explore the internalized relational patterns underlying persistent self-criticism and examine how these patterns emerge within current relationships, including the therapeutic relationship.

The goal remains clinically recognizable while allowing the intervention to reflect the treatment model.

8. Goal: Improve Interpersonal Functioning

Depression can both result from and contribute to interpersonal difficulties.

Common patterns include:

• social withdrawal;

• excessive reassurance seeking;

• conflict avoidance;

• interpersonal sensitivity;

• reduced assertiveness;

• dependency;

• rejection sensitivity;

• loss of intimacy;

• difficulty expressing needs.

For these patients, "improve relationships" is too broad.

A better goal might be:

Goal: Improve interpersonal functioning and reduce depressive symptoms associated with isolation and difficulty communicating emotional needs.

Possible objectives include:

• identifying interpersonal situations associated with depressive worsening;

• increasing appropriate social contact;

• practicing assertive communication;

• improving ability to request support;

• identifying patterns of avoidance or excessive accommodation;

• processing interpersonal losses;

• developing strategies for managing conflict without withdrawal.

For interpersonal psychotherapy, treatment goals may be organized around grief, role transitions, interpersonal disputes, or interpersonal deficits. The treatment plan should reflect whichever interpersonal problem area is actually maintaining the depressive episode.

9. Goal: Improve Sleep and Daily Regulation

Sleep disturbance can be both a symptom and a perpetuating factor.

Treatment objectives should therefore be more specific than:

"Improve sleep."

For example:

Goal:
Improve sleep regularity and reduce sleep-related behaviors that contribute to daytime impairment.

Objectives:

• Patient will establish a consistent sleep/wake schedule appropriate to their circumstances.

• Patient will monitor sleep patterns and identify behaviors associated with worsening sleep.

• Patient will reduce prolonged daytime inactivity or irregular sleep patterns when clinically appropriate.

• Patient will implement behavioral strategies targeting identified sleep-maintenance factors.

• Persistent or clinically significant sleep disturbance will be assessed for additional psychiatric or medical contributors.

Sleep goals should also be integrated with the broader formulation rather than treated as an isolated symptom.

10. Goal: Improve Occupational and Academic Functioning

Symptom reduction is not necessarily equivalent to recovery.

A patient may report feeling "less depressed" while still being unable to return to work, complete assignments, maintain concentration, or manage basic responsibilities.

A functional treatment goal might therefore be:

Goal: Restore occupational functioning to the patient's previous level or to a collaboratively defined sustainable level.

Objectives could include:

• gradually resuming previously avoided responsibilities;

• establishing realistic daily routines;

• improving concentration through structured work periods;

• reducing avoidance associated with perceived failure;

• implementing graded task completion;

• identifying workplace or academic accommodations when appropriate.

Functional outcomes can be particularly useful when a patient has persistent residual symptoms but meaningful improvement in real-world functioning.

11. Goal: Address Suicidal Ideation and Maintain Safety

Safety should not be buried inside a generic "coping skills" objective when suicidal ideation is clinically relevant.

For a patient with current or recent suicidal ideation, treatment planning should explicitly address risk.

Example

Goal:
Maintain safety and reduce the frequency and intensity of suicidal ideation.

Objectives may include:

• Patient will participate in ongoing suicide risk assessment.

• Patient will identify personal warning signs associated with escalation of suicidal thinking.

• Patient will develop and review a collaborative safety plan.

• Patient will identify internal coping strategies and external sources of support.

• Patient will identify appropriate emergency or crisis resources.

• Clinician will reassess risk following clinically significant changes in symptoms, circumstances, or suicidal thinking.

The exact level of intervention depends on the patient's risk profile, including intent, plan, access to means, past attempts, protective factors, substance use, psychosis, agitation, and changes over time.

The VA/DoD depression guideline incorporates suicide-risk assessment into depression evaluation and recommends reassessing the diagnosis and treatment plan when treatment goals are not being achieved.

12. Goal: Improve Treatment Engagement

Sometimes the central treatment problem is not simply depressive symptoms but the patient's ability to participate in treatment.

Depression can interfere with:

• completing homework;

• attending appointments;

• initiating behavioral changes;

• medication adherence;

• communicating worsening symptoms;

• following through with referrals.

A treatment objective can therefore focus on treatment participation without framing the patient as "noncompliant."

For example:

Goal: Increase active engagement in treatment and collaborative decision-making.

Objective: Patient will identify barriers interfering with treatment participation and collaboratively develop strategies to address at least one barrier each month.

This formulation is preferable to:

"Patient will comply with treatment recommendations."

The latter places the entire responsibility on the patient and provides little information about the actual barrier.

13. Goal: Develop a Relapse Prevention Plan

A depression treatment plan should not end with symptom reduction.

Patients with recurrent depression may benefit from explicitly identifying:

• early warning signs;

• common triggers;

• behavioral changes that precede relapse;

• cognitive changes;

• sleep disruption;

• social withdrawal;

• medication changes;

• substance use;

• interpersonal stress;

• strategies that have previously helped.

Example

Goal:
Maintain gains achieved during treatment and reduce risk of future depressive relapse.

Objectives:

• Patient will identify individualized early warning signs of depressive recurrence.

• Patient will identify behaviors and circumstances associated with previous episodes.

• Patient will develop a written relapse-prevention plan.

• Patient will identify strategies for responding to early symptoms.

• Patient will establish a plan for seeking professional support if symptoms begin to recur.

Relapse prevention is particularly important when a patient has a history of recurrent episodes rather than a single isolated depressive episode.

How to Make Depression Goals Measurable Without Making Them Mechanical

The phrase "SMART goals" is frequently applied to psychotherapy documentation, but rigidly converting every clinical objective into an arbitrary numerical target can create poor treatment planning.

Instead, ask whether the objective is:

Specific — Does it describe the actual clinical target?

Observable — Could the clinician and patient recognize meaningful change?

Relevant — Does it follow from the case formulation?

Time-bound when appropriate — Is there a reasonable timeframe for reassessment?

Collaborative — Does it reflect the patient's priorities rather than only the clinician's?

Measurement-based care is particularly useful here because symptom data can supplement—not replace—clinical judgment. The APA's current MBC guidelines recommend routinely reviewing measurement data collaboratively and using it to inform case conceptualization and treatment-plan adjustments.

Example: Turning a Generic Goal Into a Clinical Treatment Plan

Too vague

Goal:
Patient will feel less depressed.

Objective:
Patient will use coping skills.

Intervention:
Therapist will provide CBT.

This tells another clinician almost nothing about the actual treatment.

More clinically useful

Problem:
Major depressive episode characterized by anhedonia, social withdrawal, self-critical rumination, disrupted sleep, and declining occupational functioning.

Long-term goal:
Reduce depressive symptom burden and restore occupational, social, and self-care functioning while developing strategies to prevent recurrence.

Objective 1:
Patient will monitor depressive symptoms using the PHQ-9 at clinically appropriate intervals and review results collaboratively with the therapist.

Objective 2:
Patient will progressively increase engagement in meaningful and mastery-oriented activities, beginning with two scheduled activities per week and adjusting frequency according to response.

Objective 3:
Patient will identify recurrent self-critical thoughts and rumination patterns and practice cognitive or attentional strategies for responding to them.

Objective 4:
Patient will establish a more consistent sleep/wake routine and monitor the relationship between sleep disruption and depressive symptoms.

Objective 5:
Patient will identify early warning signs and develop a relapse-prevention plan before termination or transition to maintenance treatment.

Interventions:
CBT strategies, behavioral activation, activity monitoring, cognitive restructuring, psychoeducation, sleep-focused behavioral interventions, and relapse-prevention planning, with periodic measurement-based review of symptom severity and functioning.

This plan is more useful because every intervention has a relationship to a specific treatment target.

Treatment Goals by Therapeutic Approach

The same depressive presentation can produce different treatment objectives depending on the therapeutic model.

CBT

Goals may emphasize:

• cognitive restructuring;

• behavioral activation;

• reduction of avoidance;

• modification of depressive schemas;

• problem solving;

• improved coping.

Behavioral Activation

Goals may emphasize:

• increasing environmental reinforcement;

• reducing avoidance;

• increasing mastery;

• increasing values-consistent activity;

• identifying behavioral patterns associated with mood changes.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Goals may emphasize:

• processing grief;

• improving interpersonal disputes;

• adapting to role transitions;

• addressing interpersonal deficits;

• improving communication and social functioning.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Goals may emphasize:

• understanding recurrent relational patterns;

• examining self-critical internalizations;

• processing loss and conflict;

• increasing affect tolerance;

• developing greater self-understanding;

• identifying patterns that emerge within relationships and the therapeutic relationship.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

Goals may emphasize:

• recognizing early depressive states;

• reducing automatic identification with depressive thoughts;

• developing decentered awareness;

• responding differently to recurrent negative thinking;

• reducing vulnerability to relapse.

The APA's depression guideline recognizes several of these psychotherapeutic approaches as evidence-based treatments for adult depression, while emphasizing clinician competence and shared decision-making in selecting an appropriate intervention.

A Reusable Treatment Plan Template for Depression

Presenting Problems

Document the specific depressive symptoms, duration, severity, functional impairment, relevant psychosocial factors, and risk considerations.

Long-Term Goal

Reduce depressive symptom burden and restore meaningful functioning across the domains most affected by the current episode.

Objective 1 — Symptoms

Patient will demonstrate clinically meaningful improvement in depressive symptoms as assessed through validated symptom measurement and clinical evaluation.

Objective 2 — Behavior

Patient will progressively increase engagement in meaningful, mastery-oriented, and/or socially reinforcing activities while reducing avoidance and withdrawal.

Objective 3 — Cognition

Patient will identify and modify recurrent cognitive patterns that contribute to depressed mood, hopelessness, self-criticism, or behavioral avoidance.

Objective 4 — Functioning

Patient will demonstrate improved functioning in identified occupational, academic, social, relational, or self-care domains.

Objective 5 — Risk

Patient will participate in ongoing assessment and management of suicide risk, with a collaborative safety plan developed or updated when clinically indicated.

Objective 6 — Relapse Prevention

Patient will identify early warning signs, maintaining factors, and individualized strategies for preventing or responding to future depressive episodes.

Progress Monitoring

Review symptom measures, functional outcomes, treatment engagement, patient-defined goals, and risk at clinically appropriate intervals. Modify the treatment plan when progress is insufficient, symptoms worsen, or the clinical formulation changes.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the most common treatment goals for depression?

Common goals include reducing depressive symptoms, restoring functioning, increasing behavioral activation, reducing avoidance and rumination, improving interpersonal functioning, addressing sleep disturbance, improving coping and emotional regulation, maintaining safety, and preventing relapse.

How do you write measurable goals for depression?

Start with the clinical mechanism rather than the diagnosis alone. Define what needs to change, how the change will be observed or measured, and an appropriate timeframe for reassessment. Validated measures such as the PHQ-9 can complement behavioral and functional indicators.

Should depression treatment goals include the PHQ-9?

The PHQ-9 can be a useful component of measurement-based care, but it should not be the only outcome. Symptom scores should be interpreted alongside functioning, patient-defined goals, clinical observation, risk, and other relevant information. The APA specifically recommends routine assessment and review of depression measures as part of evidence-based care.

What is a good long-term goal for a patient with depression?

A broad goal might be:

"Reduce depressive symptom burden and restore meaningful functioning while developing strategies to maintain treatment gains and reduce risk of recurrence."

The goal should then be individualized according to the patient's presentation and formulation.

What are examples of short-term objectives for depression?

Examples include increasing meaningful activity, reducing behavioral withdrawal, identifying recurrent depressive thoughts, improving sleep regularity, increasing social engagement, practicing specific cognitive or behavioral strategies, and establishing a safety or relapse-prevention plan when clinically indicated.

Should treatment goals focus on symptoms or functioning?

Both. Symptom reduction is clinically important, but recovery should also be evaluated in terms of functioning, quality of life, relationships, and the patient's own definition of meaningful improvement. APA guidance on treatment outcomes explicitly emphasizes functioning and quality of life alongside symptom change.

What if the patient is not improving?

Lack of progress should prompt reassessment rather than simply extending the same treatment plan indefinitely. Consider treatment adherence and engagement, diagnostic accuracy, comorbidities, psychosocial stressors, risk, therapeutic alliance, treatment modality, and whether the original formulation still explains the presentation. Current measurement-based-care guidance supports using longitudinal patient data to inform these treatment-plan decisions.

Conclusion

Effective depression treatment plans do more than document that a patient is depressed and needs therapy.

They translate the case formulation into observable clinical targets.

For one patient, the central goal may be breaking a withdrawal cycle through behavioral activation. For another, it may be modifying entrenched self-criticism and shame. For another, the primary work may involve grief, interpersonal conflict, chronic rumination, or recurrent depressive episodes.

The strongest plans therefore avoid generic objectives such as "improve mood" or "develop coping skills" when more clinically meaningful language is available.

A better treatment plan identifies:

what is happening → what is maintaining it → what needs to change → how change will be measured → what intervention will target it → when the formulation should be reconsidered.

Measurement can make this process more precise, but numbers should support clinical judgment rather than replace it. Current APA guidance on measurement-based care emphasizes using patient-reported data collaboratively and repeatedly to evaluate progress and inform treatment decisions.

Ultimately, the purpose of a depression treatment plan is not simply to satisfy documentation requirements. It is to create a working clinical hypothesis that can evolve as the patient changes.

References

1. American Psychological Association. (2025). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression Across Three Age Cohorts.
   APA Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression

2. American Psychological Association. (2025). Depression Treatments for Adults.
   APA — Depression Treatments for Adults

3. American Psychological Association. (2025). Depression Assessment Instruments.
   APA — Depression Assessment Instruments

4. American Psychological Association. (2025). APA Professional Practice Guidelines on Measurement-Based Care.
   APA — Measurement-Based Care Guidelines

5. DeAngelis, T. (2025). Measurement-based care: A transformative approach to treatment. Monitor on Psychology, 56(1).
   APA — Measurement-Based Care: A Transformative Approach to Treatment

6. Boswell, J. F., et al. (2023). The need for a measurement-based care professional practice guideline. Psychotherapy, 60(1), 1–16.
   APA — The Need for a Measurement-Based Care Professional Practice Guideline

7. American Psychological Association. Criteria for Evaluating Treatment Guidelines.
   APA — Criteria for Evaluating Treatment Guidelines

8. VA/DoD. (2022). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Major Depressive Disorder.
   VA/DoD — Clinical Practice Guideline for Major Depressive Disorder

9. VA/DoD. (2022). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Major Depressive Disorder — Pocket Card.
   VA/DoD — MDD Clinical Practice Guideline Pocket Card

10. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
    PHQ-9 Validation Study